The following summarizes the results of our 2018 Author Income Survey and puts the data in context and the long-term impact on the writing profession in America.

1. Largest U.S. survey of published authors ever

• Largest survey of U.S. professional writers ever conducted, generating data from 5,067 published book authors (84 respondents are not currently based in U.S., but are U.S. citizens living abroad or Canadians selling in the U.S. market).
• Participating organizations: The Authors Guild and the 14 other writers organizations listed below participated, as well as several independent publishing platforms:
  • Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, Society of Children’s Book Writers, Sisters in Crime, International Thriller Writers, Textbook and Academic Authors Association, National Association of Science Writers, American Society of Journalists and Authors, Association for Garden Communicators, Independent Book Publishers Association, PEN American Center, Authors Alliance, Next Big Writer, B&N Press, Authors Registry, Ingram Spark, Reedsy, and Lulu.
• Survey dates: The survey was fielded from June 7 to August 21, 2018 to give all participating groups a chance to get it to their members.
• Incentive: Participants had the option of entering a drawing for 100 $50 Visa gift cards.
• Completion rate: Of those who started the survey, 55% completed it out of 9,288 starting participants, far lower than the 74% who completed the 2015 Authors Guild member survey—due to concerns about hacking, the ISBN stratification question, and increased privacy concerns in today’s digital environment.
• Survey respondents demographics: Of authors who responded,
  • 53% consider authoring books their primary occupation, spending half or more of their work time writing.
  • 56% write fiction.
    • 18% write literary fiction.
    • 38% write genre fiction.
  • 22% are academic, scholarly, or textbook authors.
  • 18% write general nonfiction.
  • 9% publish books to advance their work or personal brand (thought-leadership).
  • 46% traditionally published; 27% self-publish only; and 26% do both—meaning that slightly more than half of the respondents have done some self-publishing.

2. Crisis of epic proportions for American authors, particularly for literary writers

• Median incomes of all published authors who were surveyed—including part-time, full-time, traditionally published, self-published, and hybrid-published authors—for all writing-related activities[1] was $6,080, down 3% from four years ago. This is down from a $10,500 median income in 2009 according the Authors Guild’s last survey[2]. Worse still, the median income for all published authors based solely on book-related activities[3] fell from $3,900 to $3,100, down 21%, while full-time traditionally published authors earned $12,400.
• Median income for full-time authors for all writing-related activities, however, was $20,300 in 2017, up 3% from 2013. Note, however, that is still considerably lower than the $25,000 median income full-time authors earned in 2009.
• Literary writers experienced the biggest decline (down 27% in four years) in amount they earned from book-related income, followed by general nonfiction (down 8%), raising serious concerns about the future of our literary heritage—of books that teach, inspire, and make us think and empathize.
• Roughly 25% of all authors surveyed earned $0 in book-related income in 2017; 18% of full-time authors earned $0 in book-related income during the same time period. This is likely because of the decline in ongoing royalties for previously published work and the decreased ability to receive a decent (or any) advance for the next book.

3. Self-published writers have seen incomes rise, but they still earn less than traditionally published authors

• While self-published authors were the only group to experience a significant increase (up 95% in book-related income from 2013 to 2017), self-published authors as a whole still earned 58% less than traditionally published authors in 2017. Among the authors surveyed who ranked in the top decile for author-related earnings, self-published authors earned 50% less with a median of $154,000 compared to traditionally published authors in the top decile who earned a median of $305,000. Note that the median 2017 author-related income of $10,050 for self-published romance and romantic suspense writers is almost five times higher than the $1,900 median author-related income for the next highest-earning self-published genre category of mysteries and thrillers. Moreover, the median author-related income for self-published romance and romantic suspense writers was only $50 more in 2017 than in 2013, which may indicate that self-published romance writers as a group have reached a plateau for earnings under current business models.

4. Full-time mid-list and literary writers are on the verge of extinction

More book authors, even those who consider themselves full-time writers, are forced to hold down multiple jobs to earn enough money to survive. This includes authors who have written books for decades and have survived on their writing in the past.

• Inability to earn adequate living: indeed just 57% of full-time published authors derived 100% of their individual income from writing-related work in 2017, and much of that writing income comes from activities such as speaking engagements, the teaching of writing, editing or translating the works of other authors, ghostwriting, etc. rather from book advances and royalties. Only 21% of full-time published authors derived 100% of their individual income from book-related income.
• Pulled away from book projects to focus on paying gigs means literary authors are writing and publishing less often.
• As the number of newspapers, magazines, and literary journals continues to decline, there are fewer opportunities to supplement income with commissioned journalism or literary pieces (short stories, essays, poems, etc.). Indeed, the number of full-time newspaper and magazine journalists has declined by more than 60% since 1990 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
• The pay professional writers receive to create blog posts and other online content generally translates to well below the hourly minimum wage, despite the fact that 52% of the published writers surveyed have advanced degrees compared to 11% of the general population.
• It takes writers longer to research and write books since they have to do it between other money-earning ventures.
• The quality of books written by authors holding down other jobs may be affected since their attention is divided and writing is often pushed to what spare free time is left.
• Authors on average spend 7.5 hours every week on marketing and promoting their books, an increase of 14% (genre writers up 39%) over the past five years; yet only 8% of all published authors realized a significant increase in book-related income.

5. Amazon factor plays a large role

Amazon dominates the book industry, both as a seller of books and as a publishing house. According to Codex’s November 2018 National Book Buyer survey, Amazon owns 72% of the online retail book market, which includes both eBook and print books, and nearly 50% of all new book units sold in the U.S. according to Amazon’s Annual Reports. Its control of so much of the retail market for publishers and for self-published authors affects authors in multiple ways:

• Democratizes publishing: On the upside, more people are writing and publishing books than ever before. Indeed, 33% of those surveyed published their first book in the past five years, and the number of authors self-publishing books rose by 72% since 2013.
• Growth of online subscription programs like Kindle Unlimited, which had a couple million subscribers in 2017, for which subscribers pay $9.99 a month to access as many ebooks as they want, draws in the big genre fiction readers and results in them buying fewer books.*
• Fiction sales moving to Amazon: Among the traditional book publishers tracked by AAP, fiction books sales declined by 16% and overall ebook sales declined 36% between 2016 and 2017, but Amazon experienced an increase of 21% and 43% respectively. An increasing amount of fiction book sales, especially genre fiction, has moved to Amazon.
• Self-publishing is at the mercy of Amazon. Seventy-six percent of self-published authors in our survey used Amazon platforms, including Kindle Direct, Create Space and ACX. While some authors are doing better self-publishing than they could be through traditional publishing, our survey shows that the overall median income for self-published authors averages 50–58% less than for traditionally published ones. Authors who self-publish with KDP Select and receive the marketing benefits that come with it, such as the ability to offer free books for five days, are required to take part in Kindle Unlimited (KU) and accept payments from the pool for reads through KU. KDP Direct authors get a royalty of only 35% if they price their books above $9.99 (compared to 70% for books priced $2.99–9.99), contributing to authors’ losses and giving Amazon a windfall on books that are expensive to produce.
• Amazon’s dominance pressures publishers. Amazon (which now controls 72% of the online book market in the U.S.) puts pressure on them to keep costs down and takes a large percentage, plus marketing fees, forcing publishers to pass on their losses to authors. (Other than marketing which they are cutting, advances and royalties are the one negotiable line in their P&L’s.)

6. Publishers’ blockbuster mentality, 25% ebook royalty rate and increase in deep discounting adversely impacts author incomes

• Blockbuster mentality: While mainstream publishers enjoy the cachet and increased sales that stem from publishing award-winning authors, in general they remain risk-averse, chasing “blockbuster” and celebrity authors. To land and keep these top-selling authors, publishers are forced to pay six-figure advances and then spend enormous resources promoting these books to recoup the huge outlays. This leaves fewer resources for mid-list writers—the 90%—where most literary fiction and non-fiction authors reside.
• Royalties: Royalties are down for most authors by 11% compared to 2013 data. We hear many complaints from authors, even those with best-selling books, that they are receiving little to no royalties. We suspect the reasons are:
  • An increase in the number of second-hand books sold by Amazon resellers at lower costs than the publisher’s royalty-bearing copy furnished by Amazon. More and more sales are going to the reseller market and not to the publisher. There can be dozens of copies available cheaply from Amazon; often hardcover copies are available at lower prices than the paperback.
• Increased use of deep discounts. Most publishing contracts provide a very reduced or no royalty if books are sold at discounts over 55%.
• Publishers generally settled at the 25% of net rate for ebooks, which provides the author a much lower amount per book sale than hardcover books.
• The perennial problem of book store returns; these are put back into the market and compete with new royalty-bearing sales.
• This is an area the Guild will be researching further. We will gather data from members and other organizations’ members for future studies.
• Increased competition: Bowker reports more than 1,000,000 books were published in the U.S. in 2017 (up from 300,000 in 2009); two-thirds of those books are self-published.
• Small literary publishers and university presses lack significant resources: While small publishers and university presses continue to support and enhance American culture and an understanding of our world by publishing emerging literary writers and nonfiction books by academics, both have limited resources to pay advances and promote books, and in general can only publish a small number of titles per year. Of the 73% of the authors surveyed who publish with a traditional publisher, 54% are with a small to mid-size house.

[1] Writing-related income derived from 18 categories including speaking engagements, freelance journalism, the teaching of writing, fellowships/writers in residence, ghostwriting, editing or translating other people’s books, and other income-earning activities that utilize authors’ unique literary skills but are not directly related to the writing and publishing of full-length books.

[2] The Authors Guild’s prior surveys were focused on Authors Guild members. For our 2018 survey, we greatly expanded the number of published authors we surveyed to provide a much larger, highly diverse pool and wider perspective. We wanted to better understand how authors in different fields and publishing approaches are doing relative to one another to help authors identify which forms of publishing and which genres are most profitable. Because the participant pool was different for the 2018 survey, the data does not line up perfectly with our 2015 results, which looked at the changes in authors’ income over the span of five years, comparing 2009 incomes to 2014 incomes; we refer to that survey and the 2009 median incomes as a point of reference only as that was the year Amazon sold its millionth Kindle and also launched its Amazon Publishing imprints to compete directly with traditional publishers, forever transforming the industry.

[3] Book-related income consists of advances (book contract fee), royalties (from publisher or self-published), foreign sales, serial rights, reprint/permission rights, film/tv/radio rights, and money from book awards and prizes. Author-related income consists of the combined earnings from writing-related activities and book-related earnings.

*Updated on 1/9/19 based on information provided by Amazon.